Timeline

330 Constantine decides to move the capital of the empire from Rome to Nova Roma

337 Constantine dies and the city is named after him

Hagia Sophia

537 Hagia Sophia was built by Justinian

8^th Century

The Orkhon inscriptions

These are two memorial installations erected by the Göktürks written in Old Turkic alphabet in the early 8th century in the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia. They were erected in honor of two Turkic princes, Kul Tigin and his brother Bilge Khagan.^[1]

1204 Latin invasion

1204-1261 Latin Kingdom

Ottoman Empire

Osman 1

(d.1323)

Orhan

Murad 1

Bayezid 1 (1360-1403)

Bayezid I held captive by Timur, painting by Stanisław Chlebowski

Mehmet 2

Mehmet the Conqueror (Fatih Sultan Mehmet)

1432 -1481

1453 Conquest of Constantinople

Roumeli Castle -Istanbul

Topkapi Palace

Selim 1

A painting depicting Selim I during the Egypt campaign, located in Army Museum, Istanbul.

Selim I (Ottoman Turkish: سليم الأول; Turkish: I. Selim; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute^[3] (Turkish: Yavuz Sultan Selim), was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.^[4] Despite lasting only eight years, his reign is notable for the enormous expansion of the Empire, particularly his conquest between 1516 and 1517 of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included all of the Levant, Hejaz, Tihamah, and Egypt itself. On the eve of his death in 1520, the Ottoman Empire spanned about 3,400,000 km² (1,300,000 sq mi), having grown by seventy percent during Selim's reign.^[4]

Suleyman 1

Suleiman I (Ottoman Turkish: سليمان اول, romanized: Süleyman-ı Evvel; Turkish: I. Süleyman; 6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Suleiman the Lawgiver (Ottoman Turkish: قانونى سلطان سليمان, romanized: Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān) in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566.^[2]^: 541–45 Under his administration, the Ottoman caliphate ruled over at least 25 million people.

The Ottoman Empire at the time of the death of Suleiman I.

Panoramic view of Vienna during the first Turkish siege, by Nikolaus Meldemann, 1530, Wien Museum

Mourad 3

The Ottoman Empire reached its greatest extent in the Middle East under Murad III.

Ahmed 1 (1590-1617)

The Sultan Ahmet Mosque

Mourad 4

(1612-1640)

Mourad 4

27 July 1612 – 8 February 1640) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods. Murad IV was born in Constantinople, the son of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–17) and Kösem Sultan.^[2] He was brought to power by a palace conspiracy in 1623, and he succeeded his uncle Mustafa I (r. 1617–18, 1622–23). He was only 11 when he ascended the throne. His reign is most notable for the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639), of which the outcome would partition the Caucasus between the two Imperial powers for around two centuries, while it also roughly laid the foundation for the current Turkey–Iran–Iraq borders.

Mehmet 4